Marbury v. Madison, 1803 (Judicial Review)

Marbury v Madison is considered by many to be not just a landmark case for the Supreme Court, but rather the landmark case.  The Courts decision was delivered in 1803 and continues to be invoked when cases involve the question of judicial review. It also marked the beginning of the Supreme Courts rise in power to a position equal to that of the legislative and executive branches of the federal government. In short, it was the first time the Supreme Court declared an act of Congress unconstitutional.   Fast Facts: Marbury v. Madison Case Argued: February 11, 1803Decision Issued:  February 24, 1803Petitioner:  William MarburyRespondent:  James Madison, Secretary of StateKey Questions: Was President Thomas Jefferson within his rights to direct his Secretary of State James Madison to withhold a judiciary commission from William Marbury whod been appointed by his predecessor, John Adams?Unanimous Decision: Justices Marshall, Paterson, Chase, and WashingtonRuling: Though Marbury was entitled to his commission, the Court was unable to grant it because Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 conflicted with Article III Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution and was therefore null and void. Background of  Marbury v. Madison In the weeks after the Federalist president  John Adams lost his bid for reelection to Democratic-Republican candidate  Thomas Jefferson in 1800, the Federalist Congress increased the number of circuit courts. Adams placed Federalist judges in these new positions. However, several of these Midnight appointments were not delivered before Jefferson took office, and Jefferson promptly stopped their delivery as President. William Marbury was one of the justices who was expecting an appointment that had been withheld. Marbury filed a petition with the Supreme Court, asking it to issue a writ of mandamus that would require Secretary of State James Madison  to deliver the appointments. The Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice  John Marshall, denied the request, citing part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 as unconstitutional. Marshalls Decision On the surface, Marbury v. Madison was not a particularly important case, involving the appointment of one Federalist judge among many recently  commissioned. But Chief Justice Marshall (who had served as Secretary of State under Adams and was not necessarily a supporter of Jefferson) saw the case as an opportunity to assert the power of the judicial branch. If he could show that a congressional act was unconstitutional, he could position the Court as the supreme interpreter of the Constitution. And thats just what he did. The Courts decision actually declared that Marbury had a right to his appointment and that Jefferson had violated the law by ordering secretary Madison to withhold Marburys commission. But there was another question to answer: Whether or not the Court had the right to issue a writ of mandamus to secretary Madison. The Judiciary Act of 1789 presumably granted the Court the power to issue a writ, but Marshall argued that the Act, in this case, was unconstitutional. He declared that under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, the Court did not have original jurisdiction in this case, and therefore the Court did not have the power to issue a writ of mandamus.  Ã‚   Significance of Marbury v. Madison This historic court case established the concept of Judicial Review,  the ability of the Judiciary Branch to declare a law unconstitutional. This case brought the judicial branch of the government on a more even power basis with the legislative and executive branches. The Founding Fathers expected the branches of government to act as checks and balances on one another. The historic court case Marbury v. Madison accomplished this end, thereby setting the precedent for numerous historic decisions in the future.

Media Violence Essay - 967 Words

Media Violence Violence is used in many ways in promos as a hook to draw viewers into the program. That is because violence is an effective promotional device. But severe permanent damage could be done to the children’s minds by such pornographic and sadistic material, in which detail is powerfully realistic. The increasing demand of comics, the wide use of the Internet, and viewing television are the main forms of media, which have caused people’s minds to perform violence. First of all, comics play an important role in the promotion of Media Violence. The comics were universally condemned. They were badly produced, on poor paper with cheap print. They were full of sadistic violence, horrific obsession with death, lustful†¦show more content†¦She died in that incident. Comics come with illustrations that consist of violent scenes that make comics even more believable. The deceived reader tends to mix reality and fantasy, and without realizing it, he or she tends to long for his or her hero in time of need, when the only person who can help achieve and solve his or her problems is himself or herself. They lack independence and confidence. Furthermore, satire comics have the tendency to send the wrong messages to the public. Political figures use comics to ensure their success in the elections. By this, they are hoping to gain extra support from the public. This also causes conflict as the satire most probably affects and insults the opposition, resulting in violence. Besides that, the Internet, a growing form of media, contributes to media violence in today’s society. People, who view pornographic content in the Internet, increase their sexual appetite and tend to fantasize about sex-related activities. Such explicit material affects almost everyone. Their need for sexual pleasure increases their desire to have sex. Sometimes, when the viewer is really disturbed, lonely and frustrated, they need to satisfy their appetite so they indulge in rape. Since the Internet is such a large-scale network, which is accessible to a lot of people, messages can be spread at great speed with a touch of a button. Racists and supremacist groups have discovered this and are making fullShow MoreRelatedMedia Vio lence And The Media Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesExposure to the media violence may be especially problematic in late adolescence. Television and other media play a major role in adolescent socialization and identity development by providing perspectives, values, ideologies, and behavior models (Arnett G., Roberts D. et al.). The socializing role of television in particular may be ampliï ¬ ed by the large amount of time young people spend with this medium. Speciï ¬ cally, 18- to 24-year-olds spend more time watching television and movies than youngerRead MoreMedia Violence1535 Words   |  7 Pagesat looking at the potentially harmful effects of the consumption of violent media and the impact it has on psychological factors. Two psychological factors that have been researched are empathy and aggression and how violent media influences these two emotions. Theories that have tried explaining the pathway from the viewing of violence in media and the impact on aggression have gen erally focused on the role of violent media being used by consumers as observational learning and promoting the developmentRead MoreMedia Violence and Violence in Society1059 Words   |  4 Pagesprogramming contains some violence, there should be more and more violent crime after television is available† (Freedman). Many suggest the violence in media is causing violence in society but then how is it that violent crimes are actually decreasing in the United States. 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Media and violence are both very wide and broad concepts that have massive impacts in our society, and it is important to distinguish their relationship with each other. The types of media are things such as violent video games, films, newspapers, magazines and television. One particular type of media that is often very problematized is violent video games. Different studies have shown convincing and unconvincing correlational in regards to the media and violence, but to whomRead MoreMedia, Violence, And Violence Essay1949 Words   |  8 Pageswould be the media. Media and violence are both very wide and broad concepts that have massive impacts in our society, and it is important to distinguish their relationship with each other. The types of media are things such as violent video games, films, newspapers, magazines and television. One particular type of media that is ofte n very problematized is violent video games. Different studies have shown convincing and unconvincing correlational in regards to the media and violence, but to whomRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Behavioral Violence916 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Media Violence on Behavioral Violence in Young Adults in America The influence of mass media has progressively increased in American society, but can the media have effects beyond mere entertainment and impartial information? American culture has become saturated with online news reports, social media, and media entertainment. Technology has become a major factor in America’s social environment. Much of the information gained from digital sources involves or portrays violence, and manyRead MoreMedia Violence And Its Effects1057 Words   |  5 Pages Media violence exposure has been investigated as a risk factor for aggression behavior for years. The impact of exposure to violence in the media the long term development and short term development of aggressive behavior has been documented. Aggression is caused by several factors, of which media violence is one. Research investigating the effects of media violence in conjunction with other predictors of aggression such as; environmental factors and dysfunction within the family household,Read MoreThe Effects Of Violence On The Media1550 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of violence in the media is a big controversy; some say it affects are society and others say that there is not any proof of this. There are many theories on how violence in media does, and how it does not, affect our society. Many people claim watching television or even playing video games will affect children’s or young adults’ minds. Researches claim that they found no evidence of change in aggr essiveness in children or young adults while playing video games. Researchers allowed childrenRead More Media Violence Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pageswhether it is right for their child to have access to this sort of violence: the kind found in most video games, television shows, and movies all over the world. But honestly, does it make a difference in the child’s development as a productive member of society, and if so, can a parent really do anything about it? These are the questions that researchers of the subject hope to answer conclusively In order to understand how media violence has an effect on children, different variables must first be examined

Strategies of Human Resource Free Essays

The food service industry is a growing market and continues to increase by over a steady rate of 5 percent between 2011 and 2012. The industry has a high turnover rate of employees and constantly replaces unskilled workers in food service which cost the estimate of one year’s salary and benefits depending on the position may cost thousands of dollars. A recent study showed that fast food restaurants with the lowest turnover made twice the revenue and higher profits than restaurants which had constant turnover. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies of Human Resource or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sweetie Pies is a soul food restaurant located in SST. Louis, Mo owned and operated by Robbie Montgomery and James Norman, her son. The first restaurant, Sweetie Pies at Mangrove is the flagship of the restaurants which opened in 1996 but the recent opening of the Upper Crust is the gem of her restaurants completely by offering the signature recipes of the restaurant, a banquet hall, culinary school and performing arts space to the patrons. The focus of this paper is to identify key areas in HARM practices to align the business objectives and goals to expand nationally. Sweetie Pies ability to manage its people will be the key to succeeding in its goal to become a national brand. The restaurant has a niche in the DOD service industry because of its cuisine is not comparable to any of its competitors however; the restaurant will have to diversify its menu to broaden its brand on the national level. The owner has secured resources to branch out with the Upper Crust and provide a whole new line of services offered to customers. The compensation philosophy is not clearly stated however; the employees are satisfied and share continuous enthusiasm doing their Job considering the structure of the restaurant and the limit advancement to higher positions is not a clear promotion path. Employers are more likely to look at the external value of a Job before engendering the internal Job worth (www. Workload. Org). The current standard of the Job evaluation is based on the geographical location, labor pools and market which will give the range pay per hour or pay per year. The pay rate of 7. 80 hour for kitchen help/servers is general but lagging in the market by . 20 cent different of other chain restaurants or similar establishments in the area. The restaurant is popular because of the reality television show on OWN. It has given them national exposure and the attraction of many tourists who are drawn there by the dishes displayed on the Food Network and other cooking shows. The food service industry workers are on some type of government aid due to low wages and low compensation packages. At Sweetie Pies, the wages are above those of minimum but limited compensation packages are offered to the employees. The HRS systems which are usually for control and commitment are not in place at Sweetie Pies because of the structure of the business. At corporate level, capital market measures of performance are generally considered more comprehensive than contemporaneous accounting measures if profit (return on assets or equity. )(Beer Gerhard, 1996, peg. 791)The restaurant is very capable of achieving the goal to expand because the problems which the owners have identified by opening culinary school will give their employees the training to learn new knowledge, skills and abilities to offer the consumer different types of cuisine. According to Dither and Dougherty, businesses that are better organized to meet the needs of their people, so that they attract better people than their competitors do and their people are more greatly motivated to do a superior Job, whatever it is they do. This significantly is the problem with Sweetie Pies because of the lack of organization may hamper their ability to expand in the future. This being a service industry the customer must be satisfied with the overall outcome the product. The 21st century unfolds it is clear that most people accept that service will play an increasingly important part in the economy. † Atkinson (2000, p. 8) goes further in asserting the importance of service performer/ customer exchange in that: â€Å"Customer perception of service delivery will be imperative and will shape their choice of supplier or service provider. Service excellence will need to take on a new mantle of one to one partner relationships with the customer, the consumer and end-user. (Maxwell, Watson Quail, 2004, peg. 2) One of the unique things about Sweet Pies, Ms. Robbie plans were based on her customers and continues to offer the southern hospitality making sure that customers are always satisfied by conversing with each patron about their meal. The work process in the food service industry is the preparation, taste, presentation and delivery that involve steps taken to bring the food to the consumer. Sweetie Pies believe in preparing their meals from scratch and purchasing fresh vegetables, meats and wholesome bake goods. There are some times problems that don’t stem from the food but based on the behavior of the employees. On one scene of the reality show, Sweetie Pies, the owners, Ms. Robbie and Tim were having conflict with each other about the treatment of his younger cousin, Ill Charles which ended with Tim being fired. Individuals with high n Power seek to control their environments and influence the behavior of others, while n Oaf is associated with the need to develop friendships and to be sociable and caring of others (Dither Dougherty, 2012, peg. 6) however; Miner motivation states that: Individuals with high managerial motivation strive to engage in competitive activities, o behave in an active and aggressive manner, to influence others, and to seek highly visible and distinct positions. Tim and Ms. Robbie compete against one another by having a cook off to decide the new menu of the Upper Crust and Tim bends the rules to have his dishes approved for the menu. Even though Tim is mot ivated by the business and continues to try to achieve the goals however; his behavior has been an issue in conducting the affairs of the restaurant. According to Dither and Dougherty, Tim may not have had enough opportunity to challenge himself in his work and to advance to a higher position within the restaurant hierarchy. The cognitive and motor aptitudes needed to perform the duties in a restaurant are people skills, proficient mathematical skills, communication skills; being team players, cooking abilities and ability to multi-task under pressure being able to perform at minimum level or being proficient will differentiate in the level of pay. The restaurant pay plans are based on a traditional system pay at- risk system which is performance based however; the plan is not consistent for the participants’ fluctuation in pay. The job analysis of the work performed requires unskilled workers for the position except or the management positions which are held by the owners at this point. The employment laws are followed in the restaurant based on the opportunities offered to felons and allowing those to have fresh start at adjusting to society and being able to give back to the community. HRS systems are regulated by federal and state laws that relate to employment (e. G. , Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Americans with Disabilities Act), compensation (e. G. , Fair Labor Standards Act, Equal Pay Act), and labor relations (e. G. , National Labor Relations Act). (Dither Dougherty, 2012, peg. 44) The restaurant’s performance management is based on oral reprimands more so than written performance records done by line supervisors. The workers who hold supervisors’ position do on-site corrections letting the employees know their infractions immediately. Sweetie Pies need to focus on one of the starting points in the restaurant’s retention strategy may include evaluating further development, retraining or even disciplinary action of one or more managers. (Urbanism,2009) Management needs to implement a system to have a process to give two way communications to managers and to employees who loud give them feedback on the concerns and improvements. Sweetie Pies is a customer-oriented business with them building relationships with their patrons. The key HARM practices will benefit Sweetie Pies to have sustained competitive advantage. The financial value of Sweetie Pies would be properly managed by using HRS systems which could contribute to the restaurant and the methodology to show that investing in HRS systems often results in very high rates of return. The process of having a system to review the applicants instead hiring based on trial and error which has happened with hiring felons who were not able to adjust. The cost and revenue streams are then adjusted to take into account the time value of money and the cost of capital (costs and returns are put in present-value terms), variable costs associated with the improvements brought about by making better hiring The HARM practices help to motivate, conform behaviors to meet the culture of the restaurant by Job classification. Rewards, merit increasing, bonuses are used to target behaviors and to enhance the motivation. The labor market for the food service industry is plentiful because of the low wages and unskilled labor which is composed of mostly minorities and women fill these positions. Even though there may be a shortage in knowledge base oriented firms the food service regardless of demographic, age, gender, educational attainment or nationality the restaurant will have applicants. The requirements to work in the restaurant are less than a high school education however; Ms. Robbie encourages her employees to finish school. Conclusion In conclusion, the restaurant needs to implement systems that would eventually help to take their brand to the national level. The focus of the paper was to point out key areas those HARM systems that would strategically help to meet the restaurants goals ND objectives. How to cite Strategies of Human Resource, Papers

LEGAL & Ethics in travel & Tourism

Question: Describe about the LEGAL Ethics in travel Tourism. Answer: Legal and regulatory framework of the travel and tourism sector Tourism is a growing sector in the whole world, especially in developed countries like UK. Resources of UK are very abundant and tourists have several choices when they travel in UK which means different persons can opt for their own interests. However, Tourism Law lays down a legal and regulatory framework so that the travel organizations, travel agencies etc can be governed. These frameworks are evolved from company law, environment protection, consumer protection etc in order to assure smooth running of all tourist activities in the country (Osterwalder Pigneur, 2010). It also enhances the quality of those people working for the tourism industry by encouraging CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). The legal framework is defined as that system of procedural steps, test and rules often created through precedent in the common law that regulates and governs agreements, decision-making and laws. Regulatory framework is defined as that system of regulations which is usually established in order to regulate a particular activity. It is the existence of necessary infrastructure which supports the direction, control and implementation of an adopted or proposed law, principle or rule (Karanasios Burgess, 2014). Both legal and regulatory frameworks are different from each other as legal framework is a directive that is proposed by a legislative body while a regulatory framework is a particular requirement within the legal framework. Legal framework is mostly generated internally within the countrys government whereas regulatory framework varies from industry to industry that means it may be generated internally or externally, like the regulatory framework of tourism sector is different in different countries. Legal frameworks are more general and broad in nature whereas the regulatory frameworks are more specific in nature and it contains description on how the legal frameworks are enforced. Legal frameworks may be proposed by the head of the country that is by the government while regulatory frameworks are simply those enforcements by regulators and the head of country or state does not interfere here (Bieger Beritelli, 2013). Some examples of legal and regulatory frameworks present in the tourism industry in UK are: Strategic Rail Authority- It is a non-departmental body organization in UK. The main function of this organization is to provide path for development and provide various strategies for the efficiency of railway industry in UK. Civil Aviation Authority- This organization makes several rules and regulations for the aviation sector in UK regarding airspace usage and safety. Health and Safety Commission- It is responsible for providing an adequate and right framework of safety and health in the workplace in UK. It ensures employers and employees are secure and safe while they are working. International Air Transport Association- It is situated in Montreal and facilitates in establishing standards and policies for the travel and tourism sector. Association of British Travel Agents- It is the largest travel association in UK and it facilitates in providing assistance to the business of tourism and travel industry on varied aspects. It also provides legal aid as a part of its service. Air Travel Operators Licensing- It provides safety and protection to consumers who have availed the air transport service by purchasing the tour package and air tickets. Discussion of surface, sea and air transport As a matter of fact, it is already known that not only UK but every country aims to provide their citizens an opportunity to avail transportation facilities whether by surface, air or sea. This is not only limited to transportation of passengers but also to accommodate their packages with them. Surface transport means transport through railways and coaches, Sea transport means transport by ships, vessels or ferry and air transport means transport by airplanes. Tourism is mostly about travel and hence the role of transportation in its activity is relevant. With recent developments in transport, tourism is stimulated and in turn the expansion of travel and tourism industry has also stimulated transport. Transportation links several diverse destinations and ferries the commodities of people between these places. It can be considered that surface, air and sea transport can be described without taking travelling and tourism into consideration but tourism cannot survive in the absence of transportation (Lew, 2008). Transportation in tourism is viewed as part of travel and tourism that is in charge of bringing tourists to destinations and sending them back once the trip gets finished. Hence, transportation has a massive impact in tourism that explains how people travel and thats w hy is involved in travel and tourism operations. Surface Law- This formulates and protects all passengers on board with the carriers permission. The remedy to claims under this legislation includes mental or physical disorders and damage on the passengers on the carrier. It works to improve the image of rail industry in UK and attracts more people travel by taking railway (Ritchie et. al, 2011). It also focuses on the integration of passengers and their goods. It supports the rail industry to develop by establishing effect management systems and regulating the working timings of train drivers and railroad workers. Any loss of luggage is administered by the Carriage by railway Act 1972 and The International Carriage of Passenger by Road Act 1979 plays a keen role in governing this surface law, which is transportation through coaches or railways. Sea Law- It ensures the security and safety of shipping and also regulates any environmental factors associated with the functioning of ships. The passengers rights are present in regulation no. 1177/2010 and their transportation together with their packages is guaranteed. The Athens Convention assures to pay for any loss caused by the negligence of the carrier but if the carrier had no intention of such damage or was unaware, then the liability of carrier will be adjudged limited in nature. This rule provides similar safety and protection to that of Hague Protocol 1955, but for travel by sea. Sea craft with at least 12 passengers must also be equipped with lifesaving tools, fire-fighting instruments etc as regulated by the (SOLAS) Safety of Life at Sea. The protocol of 2002 also makes it compulsory for the ferry authorities to insure the passengers travelling by ships for a certain time. Air Law- The Warsaw Convention 1929 describes the international carriage facility and lays down policies for documents of carriage. Passengers travelling through air transport can claim compensation for any injury or death. It facilitates non-discrimination and provides assistance to even the disabled. It also requires that the carriages must perform a luggage check at the beginning of journey (Ritchie et. al, 2011). The Warsaw Convention 1929 was replaced by The Montreal Conference 1999 and it presented a single legal instrument rather than a patchwork before. The Denied Boarding Compensation Schemes 1997 aims for the protection of passengers and also raises the standards for these passengers. Evaluation of the impacts Health and safety is one of the major issues of United Kingdom where a very good care is taken. In most of the developed countries around world heal and safety is considered as the most important part. The Health Safety Executive is the legal and regulatory body in UK which takes care of such issues in the work place. It was set up in 1970s along with the health and safety commission, health and safety executive, etc. the main purpose of this body is to create a healthy and safe environment in workplaces around UK. It takes assistance of local authorities to fulfill its duties. The Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) is the non-profit organization which aims at making tourism in UK easy, safe and a great experience. The major functions of ABTA is to raise standards in the tourism industry by providing guidance on issues such as sustainability, health safety, provide schemes of financial protection, offer consumers the course for redress in case something goes wrong and also provide a representation to the government to ensure that the tourism industry along with the public get a fair deal. The health, safety and well being of a consumer are a major part of the holiday experience. Safety and security was ranked as number one in a consumer survey made by ABTA, with 89% of the consumers agreeing to rank it as the most important issue of tourism. For the same reasons there is a separate team which works with the travel industry in order to raise the standards in health and safety for the consumers across the globe (William, 2010). The UK has taken strict actions and important steps in order to ensure maximum safety and healthy environment, therefore the tourists can travel to their desired destinations without any problem. People tend to be more relaxed when they are on vacation, they are not aware of any troubles around them. Such people are more prone to danger and crimes than those who stay alert. This not only applies to tourists from outside the country but also the tourists from other part of UK, since they find themselves in a new environment (Merchant, 2012). New improved security measures are also being adopted at the airports where all the luggage of the passengers are thoroughly checked so that they cannot bring any dangerous or illegal items inside the country. Introduction of identity check as a part of security measure enable the airport staff to check if the person mentioned in the passport is same as the one standing before them. Most of the tourist destinations are more prone to terror attacks . It may lead to growth of fear in the minds of tourists which will obviously hamper the tourism of a country. So the authorities need to be alert in order to check if any such activities are likely to occur. Therefore, in order to maintain the figures and quality of tourism industry in UK, we see that there have been taken major steps various authorities. Also, in order to cut down the remaining setbacks it is also on the part of tourists to stay alert and act diligently whenever and wherever required. Evaluation of the legislation that links to entity People who are working in the tourism industry need to follow the guidance on their responsibilities and duties under equality law. Meeting with the legal requirements not only results in compliance of law but it also helps them to enhance the customer service. This leads and encourages the tourism sector to adopt an approach which promotes equality, prevents discrimination among the customers. The equality legislation in UK prohibits the service providers to discriminate or to harass its customers or potential customers on the grounds of sex, disability, pregnancy, gender reassignment, religious belief, political opinion, race, color, and nationality, ethnic, national origins, sexual orientation, etc. It is also unlawful for an organization to advertise a service which can be seen to be discriminatory or it shows an intention to discriminate (Mauri, 2013). If the service providers in the tourism industry comply with the equality legislation, then they can adapt and develop new servi ces to meet the requirements of their customers can result in happy customers. If they fail to do so, it can result in litigation, penalties, fines, bad publicity, and loss of reputation. It is not a very challenging task in order to maintain equality. The service providers can comply with their legal duties under equality legislation by following simple provisions. They should educate their staff and make them understand it is unlawful to discriminate against people on any protected ground as mentioned in the legislation. They should also develop equality service policies which are flexible according to the changing needs of their consumers. Consultancy with the local organizations which represent people from protected groups for their feedback on the services. They should educate all the staff and other volunteers regarding all the provisions of the equality legislation. There should be conducted regulate trainings and guidance sessions on equality awareness. The service providers should carry out tests and programmers to check the barriers which are used by the disabled so that they can find or trace any drawbacks or barriers and also take appropriate steps for the same. There should exist strict policies regarding failure of staff or volunteer to abide by the provisions of the equality legislation. Also there should be appraisals for staff and volunteers on the basis of equality awareness (Mauri, 2013). The service providers should analyze if there can be any better easier way to establish awareness among all its working staff and volunteers. There are a lot of publications and issues on equality discrimination issued for the general public, service providers other bodies. Everybody can have easy access to all these publications and stay aware of any inequality activity being carried out around them. The organizations providing tourism facilities should ensure that their senior management is bent towards building a service with equality at its heart. They should educate the staff and make them competent enough to use technology which can assist the handicapped. People carrying out good activities in the tourism industry should be looked upon as examples. Contract legislation A contract may be defined as a voluntary arrangement between two or more parties which is enforceable by law as a binding legal requirement. A contract arises when the parties to the contract agree that there has been an agreement. All the travel companies have a binding contract with the customers who set out the details of payment and services to be provide to them. Like any other contract, the travel contract also consists of certain term and conditions like destination, time of arrival and departure, number of days of stay, cost of stay, etc. In case the service provider fails to communicate any of the conditions then the consumer may withdraw from the contract at his own will. There are certain elements which are related to a contract like offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity and certainty. An offer is made by the offeror to the offeree. Both the parties shall have to fulfill the terms and conditions if the offer is accepted by the offeree (Korstanje Ivanov, 2012). The ag reement of the offeree to accept the offer shall be termed as acceptance. For example, the consumer would agree to buy a package from the agent would amount to acceptance. A contract is valid only if it has a consideration connected to it. Consideration in case of contracts for tourism would amount to payment of monies for purchase of any packages, or payment for staying at a hotel, etc. The parties entering into the contract should have the capacity to contract. For example, a person of age less than18 cannot enter into a contract, any contract entered into with such person shall not be valid. There should be certainty in any contract. If the terms and conditions of any contract are not clear or are contingent in nature then in such cases the contract shall stand to be void. These were the elements of any regular contract. In case the consumer withdraws from the contract or the service provider cancels the holiday for any reason other than the fault on the part of customer then the contract regulation gives the consumer the implied rights to take a substitute package which is equal to or equivalent to the package originally chosen or to take a lower quality package and claim refund for the remaining amount from agent or purchase price have been refunded to him (Korstanje Ivanov, 2012). In case the consumer wants to claim a compensation for the holiday package, then travel claim damages are generally broken down into four major heads. They may include loss of value, out of pocket expenses, loss of enjoyment or personal injury. In case the consumer faces unsatisfactory quality issues then there are no particular set of guidelines which can assess the damages. Presentation of existing complaints in detailed logical formats by appropriate authorities will provide them with a basis of future reference to take decision on similar issues. Therefore we see that the contract legislation in tourism industry is as strict as it is any other sector (Lemelin et. al, 2013). Tourism sector amounts a great deal of national income for the country and should be properly legislated so that there is no loss of revenue as well as image of the country. Consumer protection legislation The consumer protection in United Kingdom is effected with the help of many legislations, laws, enactments, etc. It aims to ensure that the economy produces fair quality services and goods which consumed by the general public. There have been various steps taken by the parliament which gives the boost to the tourism industry in UK. For example in the late 2015, Europe union gave the approval for tougher protection for travelers buying holiday package holidays. The Europe union voted in favors in the British backed proposals. The said proposal for travel rules extends the existing consumer rights on the package holidays which are booked by travelers through internet on tourism sites, which look like pancakes and are also marketed like packages. The legislation of consumer protection in UK is stated under Consumer Protection Act 1987. This act has four parts: Product Liability, Consumer Safety, Misleading Price Indications and Miscellaneous and Supplemental. The first part, Product Liability indicates the liability of the manufacture or the organization which produces the product and is selling them to others. The law defines producer as the person who manufactures the product. In case where the product is not in physical form or is not manufactured but has been abstracted or won, then manufacturer means the person who won it or abstracts it (Lemelin et. al, 2013). The main responsibility of the production of the product lies with the manufacturer. The second part of the legislation provides about consumer safety. It states how consumer safety is the most important issue and sometimes the priority. The act in the first sentence says that the goods provided by the companied to consumers to be safe. This is clear to understand , that the safety is the prior responsibility of all the manufactures are defined in the act. If the product consists of any element or factor that has a potential factor to harm the consumer then it cannot be sold at all. The standard of the industry in connection with production of the goods are to be strictly followed by manufacturers (Brown, 2011). The third one is the Mis-leading Price Indications; this protects the consumers against mis pricing of products by the manufactures. Price of the products is to be strictly in accordance with government policies. The last part of the act is Miscellaneous which summarizes the all the content mention above and also its connection with other laws (Brown, 2011). Consumer protection is one of the most important parts of a business and its normal business activities. The travel and tourism sector forms part of the service industry. It is mandatory for the tour operators to sign a contract with their clients before providing any travel services. Therefore, the content of the agreement, that is the term and conditions of the said contract are of very importance. In most of the cases the parts of contract which are unfair and misleading are usually written in fine prints, which are failed to be noticed by the clients, because of the customers end up in losses (Brown, 2011). The consumer protection is very important. Ethical dilemmas Nowadays travel and tourism sector are much more popular than any other sector. Tourists are coming from far off places to explore the places. But there are many ethical dilemmas faced by the travel and tourism sector. Tourist who comes to see new places does not maintain neatness. They threw the bottles, wrappers etc at the road only which make the places too dirty. Even the tourists who come from far away are fooled by the people living there by charging a very high price for the item or thing. Thus the tourists are fooled by the people living in that place only. Water is also one of the most important issues to be sited or taken care of. Almost 750 liters of water are being wasted for a tourist. The ground where golf is played maximum water is used there and basically they are played by the outsiders. Because of this wastage of water the people living there does not avail water. Many roads, ports etc are being made for comfort of the tourist. Because if the road are popularly deve loped the tourist will not face any problem in reaching to any place. Due to this all the jungles trees are deforested so that the road are made and even culverts. It is leading to lots of environmental issues. Even the animals are being disturbed and it also leads to extinction of animals. At present people are preferring flights more than a train. According to research plane are more disastrous than a train. It also leads to pollution and also disturbing green house effect. Even there is lots of health issue to people. By seeing the tourist people living their also try to change their lifestyle which hampers the decorum of the society. Even our historical monuments are being destroyed. It leads to pollution and also leads to removal of old items. Even in this tourism sector tourist also sees slum area and thus they get lots of money from tourist because by seeing the poverty they give lots of money to the travels and tourism sectors. The political condition also leads to many envi ronmental issues. The tourist have to adjust with the political issues in the coming days also and they to adjust with the situations (Bendel, 2016). Intercontinental hotel group (IHG) Intercontinental hotel group (IHG) do various types of business but among them Holiday Inn Resort is one of the brand of it. This type of business is helpful for the travel and tourism sectors. Its main focus is people and environment (Eileen, 2014). It always follows the norms of corporate social responsibility. This hotel group has started an academy for the people so that they teach or provide education to the local people. Thus it improves the employment prospect of the people living in that place. Intercontinental hotel group is one of the biggest hotel companies. This is one of the organisations which make tourism more popular. It concentrates on social, economic and environmental issues and also taking care of the stakeholders (Eileen, 2014). The IHG take care of the local people and the environment and climatic condition. Their main aim is to do the right thing at the right time and to make the place a better place to live in. The areas where there is water scarcity they built a proper strategy for that area so that water is not wasted. It recently leads to reduction of water up to 4.6 percent and they are trying more and more efforts to reduce more. In many tours and travel sector business local people are always in a disadvantage. The company pays taxes to the local government which are utilised to help the local; people and the environment (Horngren et. al, 2014). They even take care that the travel and tourism sector work properly. The hotels under Intercontinental hotel group takes care that tourism norms and practices are properly understand by both the tourist and the one who is in the tourism sectors. The climates are also affected by the tourist. IHG try to reduce the disadvantage regarding the climate change by using various norms so that the environments are not affected. They reduce the use of water, protect the wildlife and even do not destroy the trees. Their main aim is that by 2017 they will reduce the carbon emission by 12 percent. Even the IHG is choosing the local people only for showing the monuments and many places and this local people are given proper salary for doing this work. The IHG are in collaboration with International tourism partnership, world travel and tourism council and care. As a member of International tourism partnership brings such programme and policies which lead to remove the environment and social issues (Bendel, 2016). They do their business which true values and belief. They have an online system named IHG Green engage which measures the environmental issues. It also provides steps and ways to reduce the issues as soon as possible. This help to decrease the use of electricity. Even it has reduced up to 9% use of electricity. Even it has also given training to employees so that they use less energy and also using lights consumption properly. They are daily taking some new steps so that carbon effect will be reduced a lot (Fritsch Sigmund, 2013). They are even guiding all over the hotels so that they can save energy. Thus because of the tourist local people are not affected. It also focuses in the disaster relief where it takes full care of the guest at the time of disaster. They are the member of care also which guide them in this type of issues. So the tourists who are coming from far off places are taken proper care at the time of disaster. They do not wait for money to be given by others to help them (Bendel, 2016). They are ready with money and assistance at the time of such natural disaster. In South Carolina and Nepal earthquake also IHG helped the people at the time of disaster. They even give knowledge to the younger generation so that after completing studies they can join in the IHG organisations (IHG Case Study, 2014). The IHG are working with the National Geographic Centre so that even deforestation does not take place and the hotel is made at that place which will not destroy the wildlife and the environment. Their main aim is to provide the tourist with the soothing environment by not damaging the environment (Fritsch Sigmund, 2013). References Bieger, T. Beritelli, P 2013, Management v. Destination, Mnchen: Oldenburg Verlag. Bendel, H 2016, How can we fund the Sustainable Development Goals?, London: Global Agenda. Brown, L 2011, World on the Edge: How to Prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse, Earth Policy Institute Preface Eileen, T 2014, IHG Green critics: Sustainable hotel industry, Marriot Fritsch, A. Sigmund, H 2013, Managing hotel reviews, Stuttgart: Matthaes Verlag. Horngren, C. T., Datar, S. M., Rajan, M. V., Wynder, M. B., Maguire, W. A. A., and Tan, R. C. W 2014, Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis, New South Wales: Pearson Australia IHG Case Study 2014, Participate in environmentally sustainable work practices, IHG Karanasios, S., Burgess, S 2013, Tourism and Internet adoption: a developing world perspective, International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 169-182. Korstanje, M. E., Ivanov, S 2012, Tourism as a form of new psychological resilience: The inception of dark tourism, Culture revisite,d vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 56-71 Lemelin, H., Dawson, J., Stewart, E. J. 2013, Last chance tourism: adapting tourism opportunities in a changing world, Routledge Lew, A. A 2008, Long Tail Tourism: New geographies for marketing niche tourism products, Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 409419. Mauri A.G 2013, Hotel Revenue Management: Principles and Practices, Pearson. Merchant, K. A 2012, Making Management Accounting Research More Useful, Pacific Accounting Review, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1-34. Osterwalder, A. Pigneur, Y 2010, Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers, John Wiley Sons. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. and Bates, T 2012, Fundamentals of corporate finance, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Penny E. M 2008, Leadership for Sustainability, Edinburgh: Brightspace. Phillips, R.L 2005, Pricing and Revenue Optimization, Stanford Business Books. Ritchie, J. R. Brent; Amaya M, Carlos M; Frechtling, D. C 2011, Impacts of the World Recession and Economic Crisis on Tourism, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 515 William, L 2010, Practical Financial Management, South-Western College.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Essays (9520 words) - Strategic Alliances

Skip over navigation to the main content Searching:9 databases 16 Recent searches | 0 Selected items | My Research | Exit Basic Search Advanced Publications Browse Preferences English(Change Language) - this link will open in a new windowHelp ProQuest Full text Back to results Previous(previous record) Document 18 of 8891 Next(next record) Add to selected items Save to My Research Email Print Cite Export/Save Tags Share Collapse panel Other formats:Citation/Abstract Full text - PDF (2 MB) ReferencesCited by (19) More like this See similar documents Search with indexing terms Subject Organizational learning Market entry Research & development R&D Foreign investment More... Location Japan Search Entry mode, organizational learning, and R&D in foreign affiliates: Evidence from Japanese firms Belderbos, ReneView Profile . Strategic Management Journal24. 3 (Mar 2003): 235-259. Turn on hit highlighting for speaking browsers Show highlighting Abstract (summary) Translate Abstract This paper develops hypotheses concerning the role of entry mode and experience-based organizational learning as determinants of the R&D industry of foreign affiliates and tests these hypotheses on a sample of 420 Japanese manufacturing affiliates abroad. Entry mode has a major impact on R&D activities: the R&D intensities of acquired affiliates substantially exceed those in wholly owned greenfield affiliates, while the R&D intensities of minority owned ventures are higher if Japanese parent firms lack strong R&D capabilities at home. For greenfield operations, support is found for an incremental growth pattern of foreign R&D as a function of organizational learning and affiliate capability building. The results are consistent with the view that part of the explanation for Japanese firms' relative lack of involvement in overseas R&D must be sought in their status as 'latecomers' in the establishment of overseas manufacturing networks. LEC LEC Full Text Translate Full text Turn on search term navigation Headnote Received 13 January 2000 Final revision received 26 August 2002 Headnote Key words: R entry mode; organizational learning; Japanese firms Headnote This paper develops hypotheses concerning the role of entry mode and experience-based organizational learning as determinants of the R&D intensity of foreign affiliates and tests these hypotheses on a sample of 420 Japanese manufacturing affiliates abroad. Entry mode has a major impact on R&D activities: the R&D intensities of acquired affiliates substantially exceed those in wholly owned greenfield affiliates, while the R&D intensities of minority owned ventures are higher if Japanese parent firms lack strong R&D capabilities at home. For greenfield operations, support is found for an incremental growth pattern of foreign R&D as a function of organizational learning and affiliate capability building. The results are consistent with the view that part of the explanation for Japanese firms' relative lack of involvement in overseas R&D must be sought in their status as 'latecomers' in the establishment of overseas manufacturing networks. At the same time, a number of Japanese firms hav e actively used foreign acquisitions and joint ventures to gain access to overseas technology and to establish overseas R&D capabilities at a faster pace. Copyright ?2002 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd. INTRODUCTION There is continuing interest in the internationalization of research and development (R Kuemmerle, 1997; Pearce and Singh, 1990; Gerybadze and Reger, 1999; Hakanson and Nobel, 1993a, 1993b).2 Driven by shortening of product life cycles, increased global competition and rapid technological developments, multinational firms need to 'tap into' centers of world excellence in given technological fields (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989). The challenge is to utilize local technological learning in geographically dispersed sites by communicating and integrating it into the firm's global organization and leveraging it in other markets. This is the subject of an emerging literature on effective coordination and control processes in international R DeMeyer, 1997; DeMeyer and Mizushima, 1989; Gassmann and von Zedtwitz, 1999; Ghoshal and Bartlett, 1988; Reger, 1999). A common finding in the literature on international R Behrman and Fischer, 1980;

Explore the Theme of Monstrosity in Frankenstein Essay Essays

Explore the Theme of Monstrosity in Frankenstein Essay Essays Explore the Theme of Monstrosity in Frankenstein Essay Essay Explore the Theme of Monstrosity in Frankenstein Essay Essay Montrosity is a key in Frankenstein. and it affects both the Creature and Victor. whilst at the same clip. Shelley argues that society is monstrous through unfairnesss of the clip and the societal conventions. Frankenstein could be said to be the monster himself- when he says â€Å"miserable monster† whom â€Å"I had created† . we see Shelley implicitly suggest. through the alliterative phrase. that merely as â€Å"Adam was created in God’s image† so excessively was the Creature born in the image of Victor. Furthermore. the thought that Frankenstein is himself the monster is reinforced by â€Å"or instead cell† . â€Å"Cell† refers to a prison cell. and is used symbolically to stand for the thought that merely like a cell is for felons. who perform Acts of the Apostless of monstrousity. so to is Frankenstein the â€Å"criminal† perpetrating an act of â€Å"monstrosity† . On the other manus. we could reaso n that it was non so much the act of creative activity that was monstrous. but instead Frankenstein’s reaction. By composing â€Å"I ran out of the room† we see Victor execute the ultimate rejection. and hence. eschewing the responsibilty that exists in the double star between â€Å"Parent† and â€Å"Child†- as John McRae argued. It is interesting to observe that Frankenstein rejects the monster because of an unconditioned selfishness- â€Å"the beauty of the dream vanished† implies that Frankenstein’s physical construct does non equal that of his mental construct. and that because Frankenstein’s program are in confusion. his rational scientific methods- â€Å"I selected†¦in proportion† show this- are replaced by emotional responses ; which for him. is territory unknown- in the same manner Walton seeks to â€Å"ascertain the secrets† or how the Animal wants to understand human behavior at the De Lacy’s. Therefore. we see a connexion between Victor and the Creature- whom he describes as â€Å"miserbale monster† . Furthermore. the fact that Frankenstein can merely react to the Creature’s birth in empirical. scientific observations- â€Å"pearly white dentitions. dull eyes†- constrasts with Elizabeth’s response to William’s death- â€Å"O I have murdered my child† . By portraying Elizabeth in a positive light- she forms an emotional response. which juxtaposes with the unfertile feelings of Frankenstein at the construct of the Creatue. Shelley implies that adult females present a greater grade of humanity- and therefore criticises the male dominated society on education- whilst they may read â€Å"Shakespeare† and â€Å"Agrippa† . adult females will be worldly-wise. ( no uncertainty influence by her feminist female parent ) and that they are necessary to forestall freaks. This thought of the female function is reinforced by the fact that as the novel progresses. the adult females are easy being removed- first his Mother. so Justine and so Elizabeth- â€Å"I saw Elizabeth†¦held the cadaver of my dead mother† . This presents Frankenstein’s mental degregation and finally. the ctalyst for the mosntrous act- so Shelley presents the thought of a duality between adult male and women- Darwin supported this by proposing the hierachy of reproducion- adult male and adult female is better than adult male entirely. However. it could besides be argued that Frankenstein’s scenes augment his monstrousity- we see a sense of isolation- â€Å"solitude† is repeated. connoting that by enforcing self-exile. Frankenstein detaches himself from society and its regulations and that he has become an â€Å"outsider† ( McCrae ) much as the monstrousity that Victor calls the Creature. is besides an foreigner. Indeed the connexion between the two is best examined by the Shelley usage of the mountain-top- â€Å"Chamonuix. where I saw him†- which alludes to the thought of the Creator and Creation meeting ( Hayward ) . both as equal. with both. arguably as montrous. Victor for abondoning the Creature. and the Creature ( for Victor ) a representation fo his failure. By utilizing â€Å"Solitude and â€Å" Filthy Workshop of Creation† . Shelley implies that this isolation leads to ideas of monstrousity- Godwin influecned her argiung it â€Å"was a nusery of madmen† . This separation from society is symbolic excessively. If Geneva is â€Å"Eden† . so by widening against the bounds of knowledge-â€Å"if no adult male broke the rules† suggests no remorse- he cut himself off. much like Lucifer in Paradise Lost- and therefore. Shelley implies that this interior monster within Frankenstein and all of us. can merely be restrained by a balance- whether. male or female . or equal Torahs. The thought that the monstrousity is within Frankenstein ( and hence us ) is suggested by â€Å"wildness in his eyes†- he claims the Animal to be â€Å"wild† . but if the eyes are â€Å"windows to the sould† . Shelley suggests and unconditioned montrosity in him ( and us ) ; an â€Å"id† that is the animal desires. This contrasts the thought of the Monster’s â€Å"dull eyes†- which challenges the thought that the Creature is the monstrosity- this challenge is the ground why Shelley uses the Chinese Box Narrative- the assorted â€Å"narritve eyes† makes us explicate our ain opinion. In fact. the Moster. may be the most human of us all- he â€Å"imitates the physiognamy and manners† in the same manner that Justine did. yet both are treated below the belt. This thought of an unjust intervention alludes to Shelley’s belief that monstorusity exists in society- so whilst we can state it was Victor’s nature to be monstorus ( and that society placed bounds to forestall this ) . the nurturing of him within society is what leads to the freak arguably. In the instance of the Justine. the sarcasm is that she is treated â€Å"un-JUSTlY† reverse to her name- which possibly could be Shelley’s sly mention to her desire for female eqaulity ( influenced by Wollstencraft –the womens rightist motehr ) – a name is afforded to all. and Justine’s name contain’s justice- therefore. when she â€Å"is found guilty†- there is a trangression of nature. in the same manner that Frankenstein transgresses nature by making life. This presents the thought that society is excessively speedy to judge- merely as Frankenstein believes â€Å"seemingly to catch me† . Justine is rapidly found guilty- regardless of Elizabeth’s plea- no admiration Shelley nowadays s the jurisprudence in such a negative light- â€Å"judge†¦meddle in the dark side of human nature† . because it is flawed and makes roseola determinations. Therefore. we see Shelley see society as the monster. To reason. freak is pervades throughout the novel. impacting all characters and being influenced by puting and society. Yet. in the same manner that the Creature was Frankenstein’s creative activity. the novel coould be seen as her monster-shunned by contempories but exposing the reatiy of freak within us all.

Mechanical Ethics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Mechanical Ethics - Article Example This is an ethical concern because the engineers had the knowledge of the problem and failed to communicate on the issue. The company had to recall the vehicles for proper fixation. General motors paid more attention to the ignition problem. The engineers became more innovative in the process. They had to install a key ring that prevented the movement of the ignition key in an up-down motion. The company had to invest more in research and development. The aim of the research was to understand the ignition problem for the betterment of the product. The company was able to address the safety concerns and became alert to potential problems. It was unethical that the company knew the problem through its engineers, but decided to ignore the concern. Most of the crashes occurred where the drivers exceeded the speed limits on unpaved roads. Ethically, the company needed to issue a disclaimer that the vehicles were not fit for high speed on such roads. The recall was not cost effective for the company as it embarked on actions that would save the situation. My opinion on the issue is that the company was ethically wrong to ignore such a concern. It is not in order to put the lives of people at risk with an aim of profit maximization. The company should embrace and uphold customer safety rules and regulations. This would ensure that the customers became satisfied with any decisions that the company made. The company has clear ethical policies laid down in its Memorandum of Association. It should ensure the production of safe and clean products that are consistent with the generally accepted international standards. I will use my knowledge and expertise to ensure that the human welfare is enhanced. I will be honest in every project that I undertake. I will ensure that the decisions I make are free of bias. I will strive to become a professional of integrity to my employer, the clients, and the public.  

Wal-Mart Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wal-Mart - Case Study Example Therefore a person should possess strong financial, mathematical, communication and computer skills to perform the role of an equity analyst. Wal Mart is using the Dividend Discount Models to estimate the intrinsic value of the company. Wal Mart is using the Constant growth Dividend Discount Model to estimate intrinsic value of company and its perpetual growth in dividends. Equity analyst is using different method of estimating the growth of dividends. Firstly, estimate the historical dividend growth in a perpetual fashion. Secondly, future growth is estimated by the equity or financial analysts on the ground of recent data. Growth of dividend and in sale over several years is forecasted by estimating the historical value of stocks. In its financial statements, the average increase in shares has decreased as in 2009 they were 3,939 and in 2010 is 3,866 while sales has increased more than decrease in stock. In 2010 the annual growth of dividend is 14.7 while average growth till 2010 is 31.3 and all forecast is depend the value of historical values of stocks. Wal Mart is at the maturity stage of Three stage of dividends discount. This model calculates present stock price by using present value of all cash flows at the cost of equity. The Wal Mart has current earnings growth is 10.40 per cent with $ 1.09 payout ratio on $ 3.72. Therefore at maturity its payout ratio would be 40 % of its earning. Wal Mart price/ Earning Ratio is used to estimate the intrinsic value of stock. The P/E multiple of Wal Mart was 14.23 times. According to the analyst Wal Mart is current value is depend on the heavy traffic of customers or US benefits while risk is attached with the political, economic condition of the country where this store is operating and wage laws. A price earnings ratio 1 is assumed risky while 20 expressed is good to do business for

Physiology and Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Physiology and Function - Essay Example Ovum is a single celled female egg which carries the feminine genetic material to be passed on to the offspring. For this egg to develop into a zygote, a male seed usually carried by the sperm has to be introduced into it (Rogers, 2011). An ovum physiology is very detailed. Its development is induced at the follicle by a specialized hormone (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) while upon maturity; luteinizing hormone induces its release from the ovary into the mouth of the fallopian tube. An ovum is related to the reproductive system in that without an ovum fusion of gametes cannot take place (Heffner & Schust, 2010). Each ovum is haploid leaving the other half to come from the sperm; this would constitute a diploid molecule, the zygote which grows to become a fetus. Corpus Luteum (CL) is a yellow mass resulting from rapture of the ovarian follicle which produces the ovum. The principal physiological function of CL is inhibition of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in case implantation occurs. Its characteristic yellow color is because of high content of carotenoids. This component is crucial to the reproductive system in that it supplies high level of progesterone which supports the zygote in the early stages of development (Rogers, 2011). Incase implantation never occurs, corpus Luteum degenerates. Scrotum only functions as a sack to hold the testes, which are the male gamete secreting centers. Scrotum is essential in the reproductive system because it offers a sack cooler than the normal body temperature, which is adept for spermatogenesis. According to Rogers (2011), fallopian tubes function as conveyor tubes connecting the ovaries and the uterus. They have correct balances of ph and fluid as well as supply of Celia to convey the ovum safely to the uterus. They are important in the reproductive system in that they act as fertilization sites before the zygote could implant in the uterus. Ovulation has been

Importance of the Student Council and Student Voices

Importance of the Student Council and Student Voices It is being widely recognized that young people have the tight to be heard and also to speak out about their school experiences. International policy makers are urging the contribution of young people to todays and tomorrows world. The U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child included the right of children to be heard as one of their four basic principles. How to listen and learn, as well as to teach and lead, is the challenge for teachers, schools and their communities (TEACHING AND LEARNINIG, JUNE 2003). A study by Helen Demetriou showed that consulting the young people could be a way to responding to the needs of teachers and also the pupils. It shows that pupils voice have the potential to harness the thoughts and feelings of pupils which will ultimately lead to effective teaching and learning. The study carried out interviews on 11 secondary school science teachers to ascertain the quality of their teaching and the extent to which they felt they were successful in communicating with the students. Thus the research highlighted the merits of consulting children in both primary and secondary schools about their teaching and learning (Helen Demetriou, university of Cambridge). What must the students be consulted about? Firstly the students must be consulted about the School-wide issues Like revising school mission statements, system of rewards and sanctions, revising school rules, what qualities are needed in a new teacher, and how to get the school council to work well the contribution of pupils as researchers. Secondly they must be consulted about the Year group issues like the induction plan for next year, parents evenings, qualities in a year tutor, suggestions for timetables and organizing homework. Thirdly students must be consulted on issues in their class like their preferences in learning styles, way f understanding, peer support, improving group works and way of catching up so that you dont miss work. Consultations at all these three levels have a similar purpose but are shaped differently i.e. in the context in which they occur. In the classroom teachers must always consult pupils and check whether theyve understood the module or need help in their learning. At school level the consultation is based on a different set of condition, skills and sensitivities (TEACHING AND LEARNING, JUNE 2003). ADVANTAGES FOR THE PUPIL It develops in them a stronger sense of membership. They feel more positive about school and the organizational dimension. They will also build a stronger sense of respect and self worth, making them feel positive about themselves. It also creates a sense of self-as-learner and enables them to better manage their own learning. It gives the a sense of agency making them feel like a part of the school matters which will contribute in the improvement of  teaching and learning. ADVANTAGES FOR THE SCHOOL It helps build a practical agenda for a change which the pupils can identify with. The changes can lead to enhanced engagement with school and school learning. It helps in building a deeper relationship between the pupils and the teachers. It also creates a sound basis for developing democratic principles and practices. It will also enhance the capacity of the school as a learning organization. SCHOOL COUNCIL A school council is thus built on this foundation of student consultation, making their voice heard, and thereby integrating them as a part of the organizational system. A school council is a group of students who are elected to represent the views of all pupils and also to improve the school. The term means collectively stands for all kinds of school-based groups run by students, which includes student forums and youth parliaments (Newsround, school councils, retrieved on 28th April).The functions of the school council are to organizes meetings; usually with a teacher present, on topics such as school lunches, behavior or ideas for fundraising events. The members of the school council are also responsible for carrying out the final ideas that have been agreed at the end of each session e.g. planning discos, writing newspaper articles, or meeting with catering staff. The important features that will enhance the working of a school council are firstly it should not be too big. Secondl y they must conduct regular meetings and representatives with strong communication skills must be chosen. Training should also be provided for the members. The council can be again spilt into smaller sub-committees that will work on specific events. The council must also carry out annual evaluations and also decide their curriculum time so that they dont miss out on their lessons. The concept of School Councils has been around for around for almost 40 years, but now with citizenship being taught, there are many more around. The government acknowledges that school councils are important; but still they will not force schools to have one. In some countries there however there are laws which state all secondary schools must have councils. Eg:- Ireland, Germany, Spain, Sweden (Newsround, school councils, retrieved on 28th April). Every school council is a legal entity in its own right i.e. they are a group of people who are given the power to set the key directions for the school. This means that a school council can directly influence the quality of education that the school provides to its students. They endorse the key school planning, evaluation and reporting documents which also includes the School Strategic Plan, the school budget and the Annual Report to the School Community. School councils make sure the schools running effectively in terms of how it spends its money. The council is accountable to the Minister for Education in respect to how it fulfills its functions. (Introduction to school council, retrieved on 28th April). Objectives of a school council A school councils objectives must include assisting the schools in their efficient governance, ensuring that decisions affecting students of the school are made keeping in mind first and foremost the students interests. It must also include, enhancing the educational opportunities of the students at the school and ensuring that the school and council comply with all the legal requirements. Functions of a school council (Introduction to school council, retrieved on 28th april) The 3 critical functions of a school council are to firstly participate in the development of the School Strategic Plan. Secondly it is to approve the annual budget and the monitor the expenditures. Thirdly they must be involved in developing, reviewing, updating and monitoring of the school policies Drawbacks of a school council The drawbacks of a school council includes that firstly it does not manage day-to-day functioning of the school. It also does not discuss the individual issues that relate to teachers or staff or parents. Thirdly school councilors are not appointed to represent specific interest groups. Also school councils do not renew the principals contract or recruit or dismiss the principal. The school Council is also not allowed to grant license in terms of land; purchase a motor vehicle or plane etc. Co-operative forces in school councils In order for school councils to operate effectively, its important that the school council is able to work in a team. An important relationship is that between the principal and the school council president. They need to co-operate and work together, and when necessary, be prepared to acknowledge any personal differences so as to be able to work in partnership for the good of the school. Even the school council president and the conveners of the subcommittees must maintain respectful and cooperative relationships. Subcommittees are advisory bodies to school council and do not make decisions by themselves. Therefore its important for subcommittee to remember this. School council members need to work as a team, which means respecting the different skills, knowledge and experience that each member brings to council, sharing the workload and responsibility. School council also needs to be able to work cooperatively with the parents and staff at the school. This does not mean that counsel ors have to like everyone, rather they need to be able to listen and ask the school community, about their views on various topics; example: uniform policy or dress code. The school council needs to discuss and document a process for consulting with its community. Role of school council members For the school councils to operate effectively, its very important that its members respect each others opinions, even with the ones with whom they disagree with. Its very important that after a council reaches a decision, the school counselors must support that decision in the school community. Parent members who are on the school council can share their experiences as parents at the school, thereby bringing a wider school community to school council meetings. If any community members are on a school council, they can introduce a particular skill to school council like accounting , building skills or some other skill that the school is looking for at that time. To be on the school council one must be keen, not necessarily an expert. Its helpful if one likes to interact with people, because of the need to be able to work as a team. One also needs to be prepared to commit time and effort to ensure the work of council gets done. School councils work best only when they have people from different backgrounds with different experiences. Being on the school council is thus a great way to get involved and have a say in what the school does for its students. It is also a very good way to help the present and future students. One important role of the school council is to help set the future direction for the school. The school council must meet at least 8 times every school year, and at least once per school term. Its a good practice to have 2 meetings per term. The meetings should be restricted to approximately 2.5 hours duration at most. Most schools require that all school counselors are expected to sit on at least one subcommittee. Subcommittees also meet at least twice each term (Introduction to school council, retrieved on 28th April). School council elections The principal arranges and conducts these elections according to the procedures that are outlined in the schools council. The Elections are held each year. If one decides to stand for election, they must arrange for someone to nominate them as a candidate or they can nominate themselves. The nomination form must be returned within the time stated on the notice of election and call for nominations. Ballots are held only if more people are nominated as candidates than there are positions to fill. Every student must vote and even encourage the parents to do the same. The details of the election process are available from the school. To find out more about what a school council involves, one can talk to the principal or the school council president or the past and present school counselors. Officer Roles in school council The School Councils have officer roles such as the Chairperson whose duty is to has to draw up an agenda at least two days before a meeting. He/she has to take views of the other Council members. Second officer duty is that of a Vice-Chairperson who takes the Chairpersons place if he/she is not available. A vice chairperson has to assist the chairperson. The third officer position is that of a secretary who has to take down the minutes of the meeting, write any letters/communicate with others. If a member seeks election as Chairperson, and proves unsuccessful, they automatically go forward for election as Vice-Chairperson. Need for a School Council To help children develop responsible attitudes, improve their behavior; give children hands-on experience of issues in the National Curriculum. It also creates a feeling of belonging, encourages listening to others and develops self-confidence. And above all to improve pupil/teacher relationships (SCHOOL COUNCIL, retrieved on 28th April). NSPC SURVEY (School Councils, retrieved on 28th April) In 1989 NSPCC ran its first Listen to Children week with an aim to encourage parents and professionals to listen to children. The underlying message was that a child who is heard is more likely to turn to a parent or other adult if she/he needs help. And the schools have a particular role in encouraging and empowering young people. In a previous research conducted by NSPCC, pupils across the Midlands and Wales were consulted about their school life. The major recommendation from this research was that schools must find effective ways of consulting pupils. School councils have been an essential feature of the British education for many years but very little was known about how effective teachers and students believed they were (School Councils, retrieved on 28th April 2011). The previous NSPCC activities and research have reinforced the importance of listening to children as part of their protection. Schools in particular have an important part to play in supporting this process of empowerment. NSPCC believes that school councils must encourage children and young people to be more resilient and better protected. NSPCC did this research as a first step in the process of attempting to learn more about school councils and how they were perceived by those who participate in them, as well as collecting the views of the staff and students who dont have school councils (School Councils: the Views of Students and Teachers). NSPCC conducted a survey of school councils in partnership with School Council UK and the Advisory Centre for Education (ACE). A questionnaire was sent to a random sample of teachers approx in 200 state primary schools and students and teachers in 600 state secondary schools in England and Wales. The findings were as follows (School Councils, retrieved on 28th April) The staff from 294 secondary schools and 89 primary schools responded; 226 of 240 secondary schools with councils also submitted a student response. Student replies were from 30 of the 54 secondary schools without councils. Three quarters of the council meetings were attended by a senior member of the schools management team. In 92% of the school councils in secondary schools and in 12 of the 16 councils in primary schools the student members were elected. The frequency of meetings varies enormously. In 4% of schools, meetings were held every week; in 9% they occurred once a month; and in the other 9%, three times a term; in 45% twice a term and in the remaining 27% once a term. 44% of schools meetings were held in that curriculum time; 35% were during the lunch break; 25% after school, and 2% before school and 2% in assembly time. In 91% cases students contributed to the agenda and in 66% the staff did. But there was, however, considerable variation in the consultation processes aro und these agendas. About 54% of council specific topics could not be discussed. (School Councils, retrieved on 28th April 2011). They were matters relating to members of staff (44% of councils) or individual pupils (19%). Areas other than that included uniform, the length of the school day, curriculum content and disciplinary matters. Most frequently mentioned agenda items were the matters related to canteen, uniforms and toilets. Twenty percent of the responding councils had discussed staff appointments, and majority of them had been involved in some way in the interviewing process. Comments from both staff and students indicated that most of them thought that councils played an important role in communicating. Student respondents in schools with councils rated the performance of their councils in relation to certain criteria. And the ratings showed that they were more optimistic about their potential for improving relationships between students (73%) than for securing an improvement in the relationships between staff and students (50%). The main advantage identified by the staff and students was that the cou ncils gave the students a voice, providing the link between staff and students, and also allowing the students to have a role in the management of school (School Councils, retrieved on 28th April 2011). The areas in which the staff wanted to see councils develop was in developing of a proactive student council, improved communication between councils and all other sections of the school community, particularly governing bodies, and student involvement in the development of school policies. Students placed more emphasis on raising the profile of councils in their schools, on contributing in areas where a student perspective was seen to be extremely important, such as the development of anti-bullying or discipline policies, and on obtaining appropriate training for student representatives so they could be more effective partners. The staff identified two main issues standing in the way of the development of some council, which were time constraints and staff resistance. The obstacle identified by students was to establish a higher level of trust between students and staff in many schools before real progress could be made. A third of the schools which responded did not have school cou ncils although the majority of them were willing to see one established. Staff and students alike viewed them as a way of giving the students a greater stake in their schools. Only few of the respondents opposed the introduction of a council in their schools. In the primary sector this was mainly because teachers thought their pupils were too young to participate effectively or because they felt staffs in these schools are already operating under extreme pressure which should not be augmented. Only a quarter of the staff respondents in schools without a council identified disadvantages in having one and that was related to the time that a staff would have to the council, if it were to develop into an effective force within the school (School Councils, retrieved on 28th April 2011). HISTORY OF SCHOOL COUNCIL Prior to the 1960s, political education was in the form of hard academic learning about constitutions and institutions especially for the high status students; or they were reminders of observing the rules by the low status students. Then with the introduction of the Program for Political Literacy (Lister 1987), procedure values and skills were being encouraged. (Ian Davis school council, retrieved on 28th April) During the 1980s a new era of education became prominent. Education based around global peace, gender, anti-racist etc were being emphasized upon. The focus was now on political literacy and specific political issues. In early 1990s citizenship education had was developed emphasized on voluntary activity by individual young people in the context of a declining welfare state. However the current version of citizenship education (from Cricks notion) is about social and moral responsibility; and also the community involvement and political literacy. A number of key thinkers have outlined the importance of school councils (Palmer; Davies, Gregory and McGuinn 2002). A few of them are mentioned as follows- Dewey postulated that thinking is the instrument for solving problems and that knowledge is the process of accumulation of wisdom gained in the problem solving process. (Westbrook 1993, p. 279). Rousseau outlines a number of key ideas like childhood is not just a preparation for adulthood but rather a stage of life in itself; individualization of education and also that children learn by discovering (Ian Davis, school council, retrieved on 28th April). Vygotsky argues that culture plays an important role and one cannot talk about learning as such, but has to judge the nature of learning in relation to the culture that produces it. Individuals can also develop their own learning by interacting with the environment and not waiting for learning to be imposed on them. (Ian Davis, school council, retrieved on 28th April). Rowes arguments for and against school councils FOR The students have the right to be heard and live in justice. They also learn how to serve each other. The council promotes citizenship learning and social confidence that will enable decision making in challenging situations. Its a democratic process which is effective and efficient in developing a consensus. AGAINST The Schools must not deceive the children into thinking that they have more power; its important that teachers exercise their professional responsibilities. It emphasizes service rather than rights. The councils create a low status and cynicism. ROWES CONCLUSION He concluded that its rather easy to underestimate the obstacles that come in between a good communication between teachers and students. The size of the council does matter. Momentum also is necessary because counselors will lose interest if nothing is happening. Also the staff needs to be responsible and make the students feel worthwhile. The head and administrative staff must make the counselors feel valued. The Staff must also be aware of vulnerable times of the year. SCHOOL COUNCILS IN OTHER COUNTRIES Danish Education Act 1996 requires that the secondary schools must create and maintain pupil councils when the majority of the students want to have one. The Irish Education Act (1998) The school board has to establish and maintain procedures for the purpose of informing students about the activities of the school. A procedure thats been established under section 1 will enable the involvement of the students in the operations of the school having regards for the age and experience of the students in association with their parents and teachers. A board of a post primary school should encourage the establishment of a student council and facilitate by giving assistance to The students who want to establish the council Councils when they have been established Australian secondary schools have a student representative council and in USA the National Association of Student Councils is active. DIFFERENT TYPES OF PARTICIPATION IN A COUNCIL Levels of participation (Hart 1992). Manipulation- The children are engaged for the benefit of their own interests, formulated by adults, but the children themselves do not understand the implications. Decoration- The children are called in to embellish adult actions. Adults do not pretend that all this is in the interest of the children themselves. Tokenism- Children are given a voice, to serve the child friendly image adults want to create, rather than the interest of the children themselves. Assigned but informed- Adults take the initiative to call in children but inform them on how and why. Only after the children understand the intentions of the project and the point of their involvement, the children decide whether or not to take part. Consulted and informed- Children are intensively consulted on a project designed by adults. Adult initiated shared decisions with children. In the case of projects concerned with community development, initiators such as community workers and local residents frequently involve various interest groups and age groups. Child initiated and directed- Children conceive, organize and direct a project themselves without adult interference. Child initiated shared decisions with adults Its up to the school to choose what they prefer (IAN DAVIS, SCHOOL COUNCIL, retrieved on 28th April). Methodology In order to investigate the functioning of the school council, a multi-method approach of gathering data (triangulation) is used to ensure maximum reliability and accuracy. The purpose of this is to ensure validity of data and ensure that the results of the research are a true a true representation of the school. INTERVIEWS All members of the school council are interviewed (one class at a time-two members per class-one male and one female providing all participants agree to participation). An interview of the person setting up the council was taken to find out what the aims for the council were. Also an interview of 3 staff members who are present at school council meetings was taken Pupils are approached during break time or lunch time, and are asked to answer if they agree or disagree with a series of statements. And depending on their answers, the questionnaire for further investigation is developed. The advantage of this method is that it yields good results and the researcher can be assured that he/she knows exactly what the pupils mean. Additionally the researcher can also notice the students reactions to the questions. The disadvantage however is that not so many results can be gathered by using only the interview method. For the interview to be successful, the children must have the freedom to describe their views; they must feel comfortable so that they answer accurately. (misconceptions in science education, retrieved on 28th April). OBSERVATION Observational techniques are a very important aspect of several research and case studies. In a way we all are already well versed in the art of observation. We all observe human behavior and tend to draw conclusions based on that. In research however its important to go beyond the subjective approach and eliminate bias. Also its important to be systematic and open about the procedures of the study, so that others can check the bases on which the conclusions have been reached. (ANDREW HANNAM,2006) Non-structured observations are used in this study because the aim is to measure staff influence in meetings and council agenda and this can be best measured only without the constraints of structured and semi-structured observation methods. PUPIL QUESTIONNAIRES A questionnaire provides a pool of questions that can be used to explore the barriers and supports for the pupils in school. It uses open and closed questions. It can use symbolic faces to rate their experiences or more conventional response options. It also helps explore a pupils feelings of the different events and happenings in the school. Therefore this method of data collection will help to find out a students problems. Even though the students complete the questionnaire by themselves, they still must be briefed initially about why they are being asked these questions; and who will have access to the information and how will it benefit in bringing about a desirable change. The questionnaire can be designed in an online format as pupils are more engaged with an online format and it also adds a feeling of anonymity. Whereas a black and white photocopy is completed as compliance without any personal thought or reflection. An important advantage of questionnaires is that the pupils responses are not influenced by an adult ( pupil questionnaire, retrieved on 28th April). This questionnaire that has been made for this study is anonymous with the option for pupils to write their name, especially if they wish to have a follow up conversation with an adult. QUESTIONAIRE 1. How many times did your school council meet during the current school year? 2. Does your school council meet the minimum membership requirements outlined by in the provincial regulation? Yes No 3. What efforts has your school council made to ensure that it has met the school council membership requirements? 4. What kinds of consultation and activities was your school council involved in during the current school year? (tick against the options you feel right) Consultation Activities Local school year calendar Fundraising School code of student conduct Workshops and/or seminars for parents Preparation of the school profile Extra ­curricular activities in the schools Input to the principal profile School community communication strategies School budget priorities Reporting to parents/guardians and the community Curriculum and program goals and priorities Local coordination of services for children andyouth Responses of the school/Board to achievement School ­based services and community partnerships, In provincial/Board assessment program such as social, health, recreational programs lunch/nutrition Development, implementation, and review of Community use of school facilities Board policies at the local level Others, please list below Others, please list below: 5. How does your school council seek input from parents and the school community? i- School council meetings ii- Sub ­committees iii- Casual Discussion iv- Parent e ­mail list v- Surveys 6- What were the top three priorities/goals for your school council for the current school year? a)Addressing School Transfer Procedures and winter line ­up problem. b) Investigate School Transfer Policy options. c) Establishing better communications (via more frequent Lisgar Links e ­newsletters and a new web site). 7. Were you successful in achieving these priorities/goals? Yes No 8. Why/why not? 9. How could we best communicate with school councils? 10. What are your school councils top three priorities for the coming year? 11. What are top three biggest challenges facing your school council for the coming year ? 12. Any additional comments or suggestions to improve our efforts to support school councils? 13. What should the focus of School Council be for the upcoming (year) school year? 14. We would like to increase involvement in the school and need new members of School Council. (OTTAWA CARELTON SURVEY)

Essay --

On September 29, 2013 10.3 Million people tuned in to watch the final episode of Breaking Bad. The show was a huge success for AMC and grabbed million’s of people’s attention to the drug that the show was based around; Methamphetamine. Although Breaking Bad heavily influenced the popularity of Methamphetamine, it is not a new drug. However, Methamphetamine has become more potent in recent years due to technology and manufacturing that has become easier and more advanced. The origin of Methamphetamine comes from a drug called Amphetamine; which was first produced in 1887 in Germany. Later, Methamphetamine, which was easier to make and stronger than its predecessor, was created in Japan in 1919. Due to the crystalline powder being able to be soluble in water, injection of the drug became very popular in its early days. Methamphetamine first got put into huge use during World War II. Methamphetamine was used to keep troops from falling asleep, and was used by both sides of the war. A strange and depressing fact is that Methamphetamine was actually given to kamikaze pilots before their...